1) Root (Radix)
Moringa develops a distinctive taproot system, typically white in color. The root structure plays a critical role in plant stability, drought tolerance, and long-term resilience.
The root bark possesses a sharp and pungent taste and aroma, with a pale-yellow interior characterized by fine longitudinal and crosswise lining. In seed-grown plants, the taproot enlarges similarly to a radish, forming a bulbous base that supports deep soil penetration.
Trees propagated from seeds develop deep and expansive taproots accompanied by thick fibrous roots. Conversely, plants propagated through stem cuttings typically lack taproot formation.
2) Stem (Caulis)
Moringa is classified as a fast-growing woody shrub capable of reaching heights between 7 – 12 meters under optimal conditions.
The stem is round (teres) with a relatively rough surface texture. Growth direction is erect (erectus), supporting vertical development and extensive branching.
Branching follows a sympodial pattern, where the dominance of the main stem may shift as lateral branches expand and compete for growth.
3) Leaf (Folium)
Moringa exhibits compound leaves arranged alternately, featuring odd-pinnate leaflet structures (imparipinnatus).
Leaf coloration transitions from light green in early growth stages to dark green upon maturity. Leaflets are thin, pliable, and ovate in shape, typically measuring between 1 – 2 cm.
The venation pattern is pinnate (penninervis), resembling the structure of fish bones, contributing to efficient nutrient and water transport.
4) Flower
Flowers emerge from leaf axils (axillaris) with elongated stalks. Petals are whitish-cream and emit a characteristic fragrance.
Inflorescences appear as pendulous panicles measuring approximately 10 – 15 cm. Flowering may occur throughout the year under favorable climatic conditions.
5) Fruit or Pod
Fruiting typically begins between 12 – 18 months after planting. Pods are triangularly elongated and range from 20 – 60 cm.
Immature pods display green coloration, gradually turning brown upon maturity and drying.
6) Seed
Seeds are round with a semi-permeable protective coat featuring three characteristic whitish wings.
A mature tree may produce between 15,000 – 25,000 seeds annually, with an average seed weight of approximately 0.3 g.
